Archive for December 19th, 2010

December 19th, 2010

The Carbon Cycle

by Andrew

To understand why climate change is occurring, it is first necessary to understand how carbon dioxide is naturally cycled by the biosphere and ocean. The figure below depicts this process, known as the carbon cycle.

The carbon cycle is a relatively simple concept. There are natural processes that release carbon into the atmosphere and natural processes that remove it from the atmosphere. In fact, these natural processes have managed so far to remove about 40% of the carbon dioxide humanity has emitted from the atmosphere. However, this has not been without a cost; adding carbon dioxide to the ocean has lowered its pH, making it more acidic, to the detriment of much of oceanic life.

There are two major natural cycles. The first is on land, involving the biosphere. The carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere comes from the respiration of animals and the decay of dead organic matter. That same carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, the process by which plants produce energy for themselves and release oxygen back into the atmosphere. You’ll notice from the diagram that these two cycles are balanced with each other; effectively the same amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere as is removed through photosynthesis. read more »

December 19th, 2010

Let the Redistricting Games Begin – Oops They Have Begun

by Marie

One is a high-ranking member of the  powerful House Appropriations Committee while the other claims a similar status on the equally important Ways and Means Committee. Representative John Olver of Amherst and Representative Richie Neal of Springfield have made it clear – they are running for reelection come 2012. These declarations make their intentions clear in the face of the likely loss of a Massachusetts seat after the official calculations of 2010 Census data. Redistricting the Commonwealth from ten to nine districts with ten incumbent members will be a challenge. There were rumors that  the 74 year old Olver – whose district  of over 100 communities currently covers 40% of the state  touching  the NY/CT/Vermont/NH borders  from Pittsfield to Pepperell - might retire. Not so. Although they will be in the minority for the 112th Congress – others in the delegation see their own uniqueness and power and apparantly will run for reelection. Barney Frank will still hold a ranking status on the Financial Services Committee; Ed Markey holds sway in the Environment and Techology areas; Niki Tsongas who sits on the strategic Armed Services Committee while only in office since 2007 is the only woman in the delegation. Still there are other possibilities. Will Michael Capuano lessen the redistricting tension and seek the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in a run against Scott Brown in 2012?

Despite calls for an independent redistricting commission, the legislative leadership feels confident in the ability of the state Senate and House to complete the task. Senator Stan Rosenberg, D-Amherst  and Rep Michael Moran, D-Boston are in charge and have promised full transparency during the process with plans to  holding hearings in each congressional district and an accessible-to-the-public informational web-site. All General Court districts as well as the congressional districts are subject to redistricting.

The official Census results will be revealed on Tuesday. Remember this as this process rolls out – the notorius term “gerrymandering” was born here in Massachusetts when in 1812  Governor Elbridge Gerry and his legislative minions created a contorted but politically friendly state senate district from Chelsea to Salisbury that looked more like a salamander than a coherent district. The rest is history. We’ll be following the process with great interest – remembering what nearly happened to the Fifth Congressional District when Speaker Finneran approved eliminating the district as we knew it and the fight that ensued. And that was without the loss a a seat!

Stay tuned.

Check out the redistricting article in the Patriot Ledger here and today’s Boston Herald “Local Politics” here.

December 19th, 2010

Oranges at Christmas

by PaulM

This essay was first heard as a radio essay on the “Sunrise” program of WUML, 92.5 FM, at UMass Lowell. Executive producer Chris Dunlap assembled writers in the area for the daily essay feature, a  popular component of the morning public affairs show. I shared this essay with rh.com readers last year. We need to hear from Henri Marchand soon. It’s time for his “Fruitcake” essay, which, like the cake, never gets old (well, almost never).—PM

Oranges at Christmas

This week, my wife bought a bag of small navel oranges at Market Basket, the first of these babies for the season. When I opened the plastic bag the twelve baseball-sized oranges spilled over the counter and the scent of orange oil filled the kitchen. I look forward to the first seedless oranges from the tropical groves along the Pacific or Gulf coasts. If I didn’t know better, I’d picture ripe oranges pulling down the fronds of palm trees in the sun.

I was lucky enough to live in Southern California one year during the growing season. In fact, one night driving south on the San Diego Freeway past the old mission at San Juan Capistrano I passed a vast orange grove in blossom, the scent of orange flowers ten times more powerful than the apple blossoms I’d grown up with in the Merrimack Valley. Some of the blooming orange trees still had fruit hanging off the branches. The idea of walking into a backyard in Laguna Beach and picking an orange or a lemon off a tree seemed impossibly exotic to a New Englander. A pear or a peach, yes, but tropical fruit along the driveway? No way.

The incredible special bounty of a giant navel orange from far away probably explains why my parents thought of it as enough of a gift to stuff a couple in Christmas stockings for my brothers and me when we were young. On Christmas morning you could count on finding one or two in with a few novelty toys and candy canes and maybe a new pair of gloves.

The oranges at Christmas come to us by way of Saint Nicholas, yes, the same as in “the stockings were hung by the chimney with care in hope that St. Nicholas soon would be there,” according to the St. Nicholas Center on the Web. The original Nicholas was a fourth century Christian in what is now southern Turkey who was known for helping the poor. One legend has Nicholas tossing small bags of gold through an open window at night into the shoes of young women who needed dowry money to get married. This is the source of the Christmas stocking tradition—those long red socks hung by the fireplace the night before Christmas in hope of being filled with gifts in the morning. Nicholas’s bag of gold became a ball of gold as the story evolved—and the ball of gold turned into an orange stuffed into the toe of the stocking. There it is.

In western Canada there’s an age-old tradition of the Christmas season beginning with the delivery of the first batch of mandarin oranges from Japan in British Columbia. The Vancouver festival combines Santa Claus and Japanese dancers. Bright as light bulbs on the kitchen table, the oranges promise sunshine as late December daylight shrinks in the shortest days of the year.

With each successive winter week the navel oranges from California get better and bigger, until the harvest season passes. Then it’s back to the Valencias from Florida, the oranges with seeds, the juice oranges, not the eating oranges with the thick spongy skin that peels off like wrapping.

So the oranges are old gold, and the fruit is a nod to Saint Nick. People sometimes do things because they’ve always done them or they may do things for reasons of their own that have nothing to do with the reason other people do those same things.

My parents never talked about Nicholas and his golden gifts seventeen hundred years ago. They never talked about the kids in Europe who left their shoes and socks by the fireplace on Christmas Eve hundreds of years later. In the Great Depression of the 1930s, when my folks were growing up in Lowell, Massachusetts, an orange was a treat in a poor family. When my folks put oranges in our stockings later on it was their own kind of gold that they were giving us. I told my son he’d get one this year if we’re lucky.

—Paul Marion (c) 2010

December 19th, 2010

Lowell High Winter Concert

by DickH

Friday night was the annual Lowell High School Winter Concert featuring various student bands and choruses. The above video shows the finale of “Bells of Joy” by the combined concert band and concert chorus.